Гомеопатические лекарства сегодня проходят тот же путь, что и многие другие препараты – это накопление и систематизация данных исследований и наблюдений, обобщение результатов клинической практики на больших группах пациентов, сбор информации о ранее неизвестных эффектах.
Концепция доказательной медицины (Evidence Based medicine), которая внедряется в системах здравоохранения многих стран мира, касается и гомеопатии тоже.
Вот только некоторые исследовательские работы в отношении гомеопатических лекарств, проведенные в соответствии с методами доказательной медицины:
Фундаментальные исследования
- THE IN VITRO EVIDENCE FOR AN EFFECT OF HIGH HOMEOPATHIC POTENCIES—A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Claudia M Witt , Michael Bluth, Henning Albrecht, Thorolf E R Weisshuhn, Stephan Baumgartner, Stefan N Willich, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17544864/
Results: From 75 publications, 67 experiments (1/3 of them replications) were evaluated. Nearly 3/4 of them found a high potency effect, and 2/3 of those 18 that scored 6 points or more and controlled contamination. Nearly 3/4 of all replications were positive. Design and experimental models of the reviewed experiments were inhomogenous, most were performed on basophiles.
Conclusions: Even experiments with a high methodological standard could demonstrate an effect of high potencies. No positive result was stable enough to be reproduced by all investigators. A general adoption of succussed controls, randomization and blinding would strengthen the evidence of future experiments.
- AMPHIBIANS AND ULTRA HIGH DILUTED THYROXINE—FURTHER EXPERIMENTS AND RE-ANALYSIS OF DATA Peter Christian Endler, Waltraud Scherer-Pongratz, Bernhard Harrer, Gerhard Lingg, Harald Lothaller,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26678725/
Results: The total set of data A + B + C as well as subsets A (initial researcher, N=286+293), B (second centre, 965 + 965) and C (5 external researchers, 690 + 690) showed an effect of extremely diluted agitated thyroxine reverse to that known of molecular thyroxin, i.e. test values were below control by 11.4% for A, 9.5% for B and 7.0% for C (p<0.001 for each of the subsets). The effect size (Cohen’s d) was >0.8 (large) for both A and B and 0.74 (medium) for C.
Conclusion: Although a perfect reproducibility was not obtained, this paradoxical phenomenon was generally consistent in different observations. Correlations were found between details of laboratory handling, as well as environment temperature, and the size of the results.
- SENSITIVE FLOW CYTOMETRIC METHOD TO TEST BASOPHIL ACTIVATION INFLUENCED BY HOMEOPATHIC HISTAMINE DILUTIONS I Lorenz , E M Schneider, P Stolz, A Brack, J Strube https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14707480/
Results: With this method we were able to study basophil function of the 0.6-3.9% basophils out of the mononuclear blood cell fraction and to document their activation status upon anti-IgE activation. Optimal activation occurs at 0.6 microg/ml final anti-IgE concentration; not less than 10,000 basophils have to be counted per batch to reduce the variation of the measurement. The fixation method was able to stabilize activation for two days. After investigation and reduction of the source of measurement variability, an unequivocally inhibited basophil activation was documented in a partly optimized system with homeopathic dilutions of histamine (10(-22)M, 10(-23)M, 10(-24)M, and 10(-25)M histamine). Dilutions greater than 10(-20)M histamine (Avogadro’s number 6.02 x 10(23)) account for less than 1.36 molecules of histamine in the test sample, indicating a true homeopathic effect.
Conclusions: This test system is adequate for studying the effects of highly diluted mediators on basophil activation by anti-IgE. The systematic application of this experimental arrangement is recommended to study the effects of homeopathic dilutions on basophils.
- HISTAMINE DILUTIONS MODULATE BASOPHIL ACTIVATION P Belon, J Cumps, M Ennis, P F Mannaioni, M Roberfroid, J Sainte-Laudy, F A C Wiegant, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15105967/
Results: High dilutions of histamine (10(-30)-10(-38) M) influence the activation of human basophils measured by alcian blue staining. The degree of inhibition depends on the initial level of anti-IgE induced stimulation, with the greatest inhibitory effects seen at lower levels of stimulation. This multicentre study was confirmed in the three laboratories by using flow cytometry and in one laboratory by histamine release. Inhibition of CD63 expression by histamine high dilutions was reversed by cimetidine (effect observed in two laboratories) and not by ranitidine (one laboratory). Histidine tested in parallel with histamine showed no activity on this model.
Conclusions: In 3 different types of experiment, it has been shown that high dilutions of histamine may indeed exert an effect on basophil activity. This activity observed by staining basophils with alcian blue was confirmed by flow cytometry. Inhibition by histamine was reversed by anti-H2 and was not observed with histidine these results being in favour of the specificity of this effect We are however unable to explain our findings and are reporting them to encourage others to investigate this phenomenon.
Клинические, фармакоэпидемиологические
- IMPACT OF PHYSICIAN PREFERENCES FOR HOMEOPATHIC OR CONVENTIONAL MEDICINES ON PATIENTS WITH MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS: RESULTS FROM THE EPI3-MSD COHORT Michel Rossignol, Bernard Begaud, Pierre Engel, Bernard Avouac, France Lert, Frederic Rouillon, Jacques Bénichou, Jacques Massol, Gerard Duru, Anne-Marie Magnier, Didier Guillemot, Lamiae Grimaldi-Bensouda, Lucien Abenhaim, EPI3-LA-SER group, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22782803/
Results: 1153 MSD patients were included in the three PPP groups. Patients did not differ between groups except for chronicity of MSDs (>12 weeks), which was higher in the Ho group (62.1%) than in the CM (48.6%) and Mx groups (50.3%). The twelve-month development of specific functional scores was identical across the three groups after controlling for baseline score (p > 0.05). After adjusting for propensity scores, NSAID use over 12 months was almost half in the Ho group (OR, 0.54; 95%CI, 0.38-0.78) as compared to the CM group; no difference was found in the Mx group (OR, 0.81; 95% CI: 0.59-1.15).
Conclusion: MSD patients seen by homeopathic physicians showed a similar clinical progression when less exposed to NSAID in comparison to patients seen in CM practice, with fewer NSAID-related adverse events and no loss of therapeutic opportunity.
- HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL PRACTICE FOR ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN PRIMARY CARE: THE EPI3 COHORT STUDYLamiae Grimaldi-Bensouda , Lucien Abenhaim , Jacques Massol, Didier Guillemot , Bernard Avouac , Gerard Duru, France Lert , Anne-Marie Magnier , Michel Rossignol, Frederic Rouillon, Bernard Begaud, EPI3-LA-SER grouphttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27145957/
Results: Of 1562 eligible patients consulting for ADDs, 710 (45.5 %) agreed to participate. Adjusted multivariate analyses showed that GP-Ho and GP-Mx patients were less likely to use psychotropic drugs over 12 months, with Odds ratio (OR) = 0.29; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.19 to 0.44, and OR = 0.62; 95 % CI: 0.41 to 0.94 respectively, compared to GP-CM patients. The rate of clinical improvement (HADS <9) was marginally superior for the GP-Ho group as compared to the GP-CM group (OR = 1.70; 95 % CI: 1.00 to 2.87), but not for the GP-Mx group (OR = 1.49; 95 % CI: 0.89 to 2.50).
Conclusions: Patients with ADD, who chose to consult GPs prescribing homeopathy reported less use of psychotropic drugs, and were marginally more likely to experience clinical improvement, than patients managed with conventional care. Results may reflect differences in physicians’ management and patients’ preferences as well as statistical regression to the mean.
- MANAGEMENT OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS BY DIFFERENT MEDICAL PRACTICES, INCLUDING HOMEOPATHY, AND CONSUMPTION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN PRIMARY CARE: THE EPI3 COHORT STUDY IN FRANCE 2007-2008 Lamiae Grimaldi-Bensouda 1, Bernard Bégaud 2, Michel Rossignol , Bernard Avouac , France Lert, Frederic Rouillon , Jacques Bénichou , Jacques Massol , Gerard Duru , Anne-Marie Magnier , Lucien Abenhaim, Didier Guillemot https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24646513/
Results: 518 adults and children with URTI (79.3% rhinopharyngitis) were included (36.9% response rate comparable between groups). As opposed to GP-CM p atients, patients in the GP-Ho group showed significantly lower consumption of antibiotics (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27-0.68) and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.38-0.76) with similar evolution in related symptoms (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.64-2.10). An excess of potentially-associated infections (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 0.90-3.20) was observed in the GP-Ho group (not statistically significant). No difference was found between GP-CM and GP-Mx patients.
Conclusion: Patients who chose to consult GPs certified in homeopathy used less antibiotics and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory drugs for URTI than those seen by GPs prescribing conventional medications. No difference was observed in patients consulting GPs within mixed-practice. A non-statistically significant excess was estimated through modelling for associated infections in the GP-Ho group and needs to be further studied.
Метанализы, обзоры
- KLEIJNEN J, KNIPSCHILD P, TER RIET G. CLINICAL TRIALS OF HOMEOPATHY. Br Med J.1991;302:316–323.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1825800/
Results: In 14 trials some form of classical homoeopathy was tested and in 58 trials the same single homoeopathic treatment was given to patients with comparable conventional diagnosis. Combinations of several homoeopathic treatments were tested in 26 trials; isopathy was tested in nine trials. Most trials seemed to be of very low quality, but there were many exceptions. The results showed a positive trend regardless of the quality of the trial or the variety of homeopathy used. Overall, of the 105 trials with interpretable results, 81 trials indicated positive results whereas in 24 trials no positive effects of homoeopathy were found. The results of the review may be complicated by publication bias, especially in such a controversial subject as homoeopathy.
Conclusions: At the moment the evidence of clinical trials is positive but not sufficient to draw definitive conclusions because most trials are of low methodological quality and because of the unknown role of publication bias. This indicates that there is a legitimate case for further evaluation of homoeopathy, but only by means of well performed trials.
- LINDE K ET. AL. ARE THE CLINICAL EFFECTS OF HOMEOPATHY PLACEBO EFFECTS? A METAANALYSIS OF PLACEBO–CONTROLLED TRIA l. Lancet. 1997;350:834–843. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9310601/
Findings: The combined odds ratio for the 89 studies entered into the main meta-analysis was 2.45 (95% CI 2.05, 2.93) in favour of homeopathy. The odds ratio for the 26 good-quality studies was 1.66 (1.33, 2.08), and that corrected for publication bias was 1.78 (1.03, 3.10). Four studies on the effects of a single remedy on seasonal allergies had a pooled odds ratio for ocular symptoms at 4 weeks of 2.03 (1.51, 2.74). Five studies on postoperative ileus had a pooled mean effect-size-difference of -0.22 standard deviations (95% CI -0.36, -0.09) for flatus, and -0.18 SDs (-0.33, -0.03) for stool (both p < 0.05).
Interpretation: The results of our meta-analysis are not compatible with the hypothesis that the clinical effects of homeopathy are completely due to placebo. However, we found insufficient evidence from these studies that homeopathy is clearly efficacious for any single clinical condition. Further research on homeopathy is warranted provided it is rigorous and systematic.
- LINDE K, MELCHART D. RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS OF INDIVIDUALIZED HOMEOPATHY: A STATE–OF–THE ART REVIEW. J Alter Complement Med. 1998;4:371–388. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9884175/
Results: A total of 32 trials (28 placebo-controlled, 2 comparing homeopathy and another treatment, 2 comparing both) involving a total of 1778 patients met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the trials was highly variable. In the 19 placebo-controlled trials providing sufficient data for meta-analysis, individualized homeopathy was significantly more effective than placebo (pooled rate ratio 1.62, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 2.23), but when the analysis was restricted to the methodologically best trials no significant effect was seen.
Conclusion: The results of the available randomized trials suggest that individualized homeopathy has an effect over placebo. The evidence, however, is not convincing because of methodological shortcomings and inconsistencies. Future research should focus on replication of existing promising studies. New randomized studies should be preceded by pilot studies.
Сообщение Исследования и доказательная база появились сначала на Клиническая Гомеопатия.
